Chuyên đề Defintions of phrases and clauses

CHUYÊN ĐỀ DEFINITIONS OF PHRASES AND CLAUSES 

CHUYÊN ĐỀ VỀ CỤM TỪ VÀ MỆNH ĐỀ

Những kiến thức về cụm từ và mệnh đề, các mệnh đề bổ trợ (mệnh đề phụ) cơ bản trong chuyên đề này sẽ giúp người học làm chủ kiến thức, nắm được các yếu tố ngữ pháp cốt lõi để giải rất nhiều các dạng bài tập có liên quan trong đề thi THPT Quốc Gia. Đặc biêt, chuyên đề này còn liên quan rất nhiều đến kĩ năng viết (viết lại câu, viết luận), điều mà lâu nay là điểm yếu cố hữu của học sinh khi làm phần bài thi theo hình thức tự luận (chiếm 20% số điểm toàn bài thi). Nghiên cứu kĩ các kiến thức cơ bản, thực hành đầy đủ các bài tập thực hành, người học sẽ cảm nhận được giá trị lớn mà chuyên đề mang lại.

DEFINITIONS OF PHRASES AND CLAUSES - KHÁI NIỆM CƠ BẢN VỀ CỤM TỪ VÀ MỆNH ĐỀ

I. Phrases –definition and kinds: Cụm từ – khái niệm và các loại cụm từ.

• Definition: Là một hay một tổ hợp từ vựng, diễn tả một ý, đảm nhận một chức năng ngữ pháp nhất định trong câu.

e.g.   A man who teaches children is called a teacher. To tell the truth, he didn’t deserve a promotion.

Long long ago, man and the wildlife lived in a harmony.

• Kinds: Tùy thuộc vào tính chất đặc điểm và mục đích nói mà ta có thể gọi tên các cụm từ như dưới đây:

a.Noun phrases (nominal phrases): Các ngữ danh từ có chức năng như danh từ, cụ thể như sau:

e.g.   The girl in white is my close friend. My close friend is the girl in white.

He fell in love with the girl in white overthere. They looked at the girl in white suspiciously.

b.Adjectival phrases: Các ngữ tính từ có chức năng như danh từ, cụ thể như sau:

e.g.      The man exhausted after finishing the race is now lying on the ground.

The jobs easy to access are not always bad.

c.Prepositional phrases: Các ngữ giới từ có cấu tạo gồm giới từ và các từ vựng theo kèm, cụ thể như sau:

e.g.      In the past, Vietnamese people used to get married very young.

There’s a garage to the right of the house.

d.Adverbial phrases: Các cụm trạng ngữ được cấu tạo từ nhiều hình thức cụm từ khác nhau dùng để chỉ thời gian, nơi chốn, mục đích, nguyên nhân, kết quả,… cụ thể như sau:

e.g.      To tell the truth, the crisis is now at very high level.

In contrast, the North of the country is more industrialized than the South.

The bridge, in fact, helps reduce the distance between the two cities.

e.Gerund phrases: Các cụm danh động từ có chức năng như danh từ, cụ thể như sau:

e.g.      Getting into the city center at this time of day is difficult.

Her passion in life is studying Japanese.

f.Verb phrases: Các cụm động từ có chức năng như động từ thường dùng chỉ mục đích, cụ thể như sau.

e.g.      The house, to be abolished, is in the center of the town.

To sum up, we should do something to preserve the earth for the next generations to live in.

• Clauses –definition and kinds:
• Definition: Gồm một hay một tổ hợp từ vựng có chủ ngữ, động từ – hoặc có thể viết dưới dạng có chủ ngữ, động từ, diễn tả một ý hoàn chỉnh, có thể đứng độc lập để tạo thành câu (mệnh đề độc lập) hoặc được dùng để bổ nghĩa cho các thành tố trong câu (mệnh đề phụ/ mệnh đề phụ thuộc).

e.g.      When I came in, they were having dinner.

dependent clause    independent clause

If you start right now, you will be able to catch the last train.

dependent clause                   independent clause

She failed the entrance exam because she didn’t change the way she studied.

independent clause                    dependent clause

They pass the exam though they do not try hard.

independent clause  dependent clause

• Kinds: Tùy thuộc vào tính chất, đặc điểm và mục đích nói mà ta có mệnh đề như dưới đây:

a.Dependent clauses: (subordinate clauses) là những mệnh đề được dùng để bổ nghĩa cho các thành tố khác trong câu:

e.g.      Although he was wealthy, he led an unhappy life.

independent clause

Because the storm was so fierce, many trees were blown down.

independent clause

She left the room while I was feeding the pigeons.

independent clause

They decided to move away no matter how hard I try to persuade them to stay.

independent clause

b.Independent clauses: là những mệnh đề có thể đứng độc lập để tạo thành câu đơn hoàn chỉnh về ngữ nghĩa và ngữ pháp:

e.g       Whenever it rains, the room is covered with water.

dependent clause

Whatever you do, she refuses to further your relationship

dependent clause

She came earlier than usual so that she could be well-prepared for the

interview.

The man was bitten by the dog that he bought days ago.

dependent clause

c.Definite clauses: là những mệnh đề có sự hòa hợp giữa chủ ngữ và động từ:

e.g.      She will be selected if she pass the interview.

definite clause

She would be ill if she were to work overtime.

definite clause

They insisted that the house be repainted.

definite clause

The man in front of me wishes he were a bit earlier.

definite clause

d.Indefinite clauses: là những mệnh đề có sự hòa hợp giữa chủ ngữ và động từ:

e.g.      She would be selected if she were the first to be interviewed.

indefinite clause

She would be ill if she were to work overtime.

indefinite clause

They insisted that the house be repainted.

indefinite clause

The man in front of me wishes he were a bit earlier.

indefinite clause

Exercise 1. Choose the underlined part among A, B, C or D that needs correcting.

1. In spite her serve pain, she tried to walk to the auditorium to attend the lecture.

A                 B                                     C                                              D

2. Friends advised her to stop doing the housework because her old age.

A      B                                 C                D

3. I knew him until I was a child.

A              B        C        D

4. My friend was crazy although he was informed of the news of his mother’s death.

                                        A         B                            C                                                D

5. Although our grandfather was old but he could help us.

A            B           C               D

6. John didn’t go to work because of he was seriously ill.

A                   B               C                         D

7. I’ll give him a map so as to he can find the way all right.

A                           B                   C                      D

8. He tried to explain, so she refused to listen.

A           B            C         D

9. He doesn’t buy a ticket every day so he has a season ticket.

A             B                               C                      D

10. Mrs. Green was cooking dinner but her daughter Susan was laying the table.

A        B                     C                                             D

11. Mrs. Young is big and her husband isn’t.

A           B  C                        D

12. He decided not to get that job because of the salary was low.

A                               B                                C      D

13. Although the bad traffic, I managed to arrive at the meeting on time.

A       B         C                                            D

14. In spite of my father is old, he still goes to work.

A                                 B                      C         D

15. Though he loves her very much, but he can’t talk to her.

A                  B            C                           D

16. She always behaves childishly despite she has grown up.

A              B              C                       D

17. Despite of his broken legs, he was able to get out of the car before exploding.

A                                     B          C                        D

18. She is learning English so as she will be able to get a better job.

A                           B                         C                            D

19. I knew they were talking about me because of they stopped when I entered the room.

A                           B                    C                                      D

20. Because of his physical handicap, he has become a successful businessman.

A                     B                           C                                                  D 

Exercise 2. Choose one word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence.

1. I bought this new software____________ Chinese.

A. for learning

B. learning

C. to learn

D. learned

2. The flight from New York to London was delayed___________ the heavy fog.

A. because of

B. because

C. so

D. as a result\

3. It’s___________ city that he’s got lost.

A.a such big                        B. such big                         C. such a big                  D. a very big

4. There are___________ in the universe that we cannot count them.

A.so much stars                                                              B. so many stars

C.such stars many                                                          D. such stars much

5. He has___________ to do that he can’t go to the cinema with us.

A. so much work

B. so many work

C. such much work

D. such a work.

6. It is___________ book that just a few people like it.

A. so an old

B. so old

C. such old

D. such an old

7. The satellite travel___________ into space that nobody could see it with naked eyes.

A. so far

B. such far

C. too far

D. far enough

8. ___________ the bad weather, the plan landed safely.

A. In spite

B. In spite of

C. Despite the fact that

D. Though

9. It was___________ that we went for a walk.

A. a beautiful weather

B. so a beautiful night

C. so nice weather

D. such nice weather

10. He lighted the candle___________ he might read the note.

A. so that

B. and

C. because

D. as a result

11. ___________ his exhaustion, he won the marathon by nearly three minutes.

A. In spite

B. Despite

C. Although

D. However

12. He has worked for the same company___________ he left school.

A. because

B. since

C. then

D. for

13. ___________ it was raining hard, he went out without a raincoat.

A. Despite

B. In spite of

C. However

D. Although

14. The coffee was___________ to drink.

A. so strong

B. strong

C. enough strong

D. too strong

15. It was___________ that we went for a hike in the mountains.

A. so a nice day

B. so nice day

C. such nice day

D. such a nice day

16. Julie is not___________ to see this film.

A. as old enough

B. enough old

C. enough old as

D. old enough

17. ___________ I meet her, she always wears a blue dress.

A.Whatever                         B. However                       C. Whoever                   D. Whenever

18. The film was___________ through.

A.too long for us to see                                                 B. very long for us to see it

C.too long for us seeing it                                             D. too long enough for us to see

19. Hoa was late___________ her car was broken down.

A.if                                       B. whether                         C. because                     D. while

20. We couldn’t sleep last night___________ the noise next door.

A.although                          B. since                              C. because                     D. because of

Exercise 3. Choose one word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence.

1. Mary jogs everyday___________ lose weight.

A.so she can                        B. so that she can             C. because she can       D. so that to

2. We’ll be late___________ we hurry.

A. if

B. despite

C. unless

D. when

3. She failed the test___________ she studied hard.

A. although

B. even though

C. as

D. A and B

4. You should bring an umbrella___________ it rains.

A. if

B. unless

C. in case

D. because of

5. He went on working___________ feeling unwell.

A. although

B. unless

C. due to

D. despite

6. They decided to go___________ the danger.

A. because

B. in spite of

C. although

D. so

7. ___________ they lost, their fans gave them a big cheer.

A. However

B. In spite of

C. Although

D. if

Jane has a computer, ___________ she doesn’t use it.

A. and

B. since

C. but

D. in spite of

9. ___________ we had got on the plane, it started to rain.

A. If

B. While

C. Before

D. As soon as

10. We have to wait___________ everybody else finishes their turn.

A. when

B. but

C. so

D. until

11. Mark heard the news on the radio___________ he was driving home.

A. while

B. as

C. until

D. A and B

12. What are you going to do___________ graduating from university?

A. before

B. after

C. so

D. because

13. I am not so good at English, ___________ I have to practice more.

A.but                                    B. so                                   C. while                          D. despite

14. ___________ the fact that she fail the exam, she didn’t look disappointed.

A.Although                         B. Despite                          C. In spite of                  D. Because of

15. We didn’t go to France last summer___________ we couldn’t afford to.

A.so                                      B. when                              C. because                     D. because of

16. You can’t drive a car___________ you have a license.

A.unless                               B. so                                   C. in case                       D. if

17. ___________ the flight delay, they didn’t attend the conference.

A.Because                           B. As                                   C. Although                   D. Because of

18. The storm was so strong. ___________, all the crops were destroyed.

A.However                          B. As a result                     C. Consequently           D. B and C

19. Everyone thought she would accept the offer. ___________, she turned it down.

A.However                          B. So                                   C. Too                            D. Moreover

20. You should look up the meaning of the new words in the dictionary___________ misuse it.

A.so as to                         B. to                                      C. so as not to                   D. so that

Exercise 4: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below.

1. Sorry we’re late, we___________ the wrong turning.

A. had taken

B. were taking

C. took

D. are taking

2. Although he didn’t have a ticket, Ken ___________ come in.

A. could

B. can

C. might

D. was allowed to

3. She____________ her holiday in Thailand.

A. said me about

B. told about

C. said about

D. told me about

4. Every day I_____ up at 6 o’clock, _____ breakfast at 7 o’clock and_____ for work at 8 o’clock.

A. get/ eat/ leave

B. have got/ eating/ leaving

C. got/ ate/ left

D. will get/ have eaten/ left

5. Some researchers have just___________ a survey of young people’s points of view on contractual marriage.

A.sent                               B. directed                 C. managed                D. conducted

6. It is not easy to ____________ our beauty when we get older and older.

A.develop                        B. maintain                C. gain                        D. collect

7. George is_____________ Lisa.

A.marry with                    B. marry to                C. married with         D. married to

8. The making of good habits___________ a determination to keep on training your child.

A.require                         B. requires                   C. requirement         D. required

9. Either you or your friend___________ on charge today.

A.are                                B. is                            C. was                         D. were

10. I am flying to the States tonight. I___________ you a ring if I can find a phone.

A.will give                       B. would give            C. could give             D. have given

11. According to research reports, people usually___________ in their sleep 25 to 30 times each night.

A.turn                                B. are turning            C. have turned          D. turned

12. Jane’s eyes burned and her shoulders ached. She __________ at the computer for 5 straight hours. Finally, she took a break.

A.is sitting                        B. has been sitting C. was sitting               D. had been sitting

13. We’ll need more staff___________ we start the new project.

A.unless                           B. whether                 C. in case                   D. or

14. If the traffic___________ bad, I may get home late.

A.is                                   B. were                       C. was                         D. had been

15. The A-level (short for Advanced Level) is a General Certificate of Education set of exams___________ in the U.K.

A.taken                            B. spent                      C. met                         D. indicated

16. I___________ you can swim so well and I can’t.

A. hate

B. hate it that

C. hate that

D. hate it

17. ___________ resigned, we would have been forced to sack him.

A. Had he not

B. Hadn’t he

C. He had not

D. He not had

18. I____________ with the performance, but I got flu the day before.

A. was to have helped B. helped

C. was to help

D. had helped

19. In all cases, applicants must meet the course requirements ___________ by the admitting institution.

A.written                         B. listed                      C. typed                     D. valued

20. Most universities___________ students who want to attend the university to pass the entrance examination.

A.receive                         B. tell                          C. require                   D. ask

Exercise 5: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below.

1. I___________ be at the meeting by 10:00. I will probably___________ take a taxi if I want to be on time.

A.must/ have to              B. may/ must             C. should/ needn’t D. mustn’t/ shouldn’t

2. Nobody yet knew what____________ to cause the dam to burst, but the residents of the area organized quickly to protect life and property against the rising floods.

A.happens                        B. had happened       C. happen                  D. did it happen

3. You____________ forget to pay the rent tomorrow. The landlord is very strict about paying on time.

A. needn’t

B. mustn’t

C. do not have to

D. may not

4. The television isn’t working. It___________ during the move.

A. should have been damaged

B. needn’t be damaged

C. must have been damaged

D. ought not be damaged

5. I am not deaf. You ___________ shout.

A. must

B. mustn’t

C. need

D. needn’t

6. Many U.S. automobiles____________ in Detroit, Michigan.

A. manufacture

B. have manufactured

C. are manufactured

D. are manufacturing

7. Tien was new on the job, but he quickly fit himself into the____________ routine of the office.

A. established

B. establishing

C. establishes

D. establish

8. Could you please come over? I need you____________ the refrigerator.

A. help me moving

B. helping me to move

C. to help me move

D. help me to move

9. I’ll never forget_____________ that race. What a thrill!

A.to win                              B. win                         C. being won             D. winning

10. John failed again. He__________ harder.

A.must have tried                                               B. should have tried

C.can tried                                                           D. may have tried

11. ___________ I borrow your lighter for a minute? – Sure, no problem. Actually, you___________keep it if you want to.

A.May/ can                     B. Must/ might          C. Will/ should         D. Might/ needn’t

12. I do not mind at all. You___________ apologize.

A.shouldn’t                      B. needn’t                   C. mustn’t                   D. oughtn’t to

13. Ted’s flight from Amsterdam took more than 11 hours. He___________ exhausted after such a long flight now.

A.must be                        B. must be being  C. must have been         D. should have been

14. If costal erosion continues to take place at the present rate, in another fifty years this beach____________ anymore.

A.doesn’t exist                                                    B. isn’t going to exist

C.isn’t existing                                                    D. won’t be existing

15. Robert has a new car. He___________ it for a very good price. He paid 30 percent less than the regular retail cost.

A.could buy                                                           B. had to buy

C.was supposed to buy                                           D. was able to buy

16. – Anh: “You haven’t eaten anything since yesterday night. You________ be really hungry!”

– Lan: “I am.”

A.might                               B. will                         C. can                         D. must

17. The lamp___________ be broken. Maybe the light bulb just burned out.

A.should not                   B. might not               C. must not                D. will not

18. It is a top secret. You___________ tell anyone about it.

A.mustn’t                         B. needn’t                   C. mightn’t                 D. won’t

19. We have plenty of time for doing the work. We___________ be hurried.

A.needn’t                         B. shouldn’t               C. mustn’t                   D. mayn’t

20. All parents are___________ to at least try to behave in ways that will give their own children an important protection

A.decided                        B. supposed               C. followed                D. rejected

Exercise 6. Choose one word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence.

1. ___________, Peter came to see me.

A. While having dinner

B. While I was having dinner

C. When having dinner

D. When lam having dinner

2. ___________ my homework, I went to bed.

A. After I had finished

B. After finished

C. Finished

D. After had finished

3. _____________ the dance, Jerry said good-bye to his girlfriend.

A. Before left

B. Before he leaves

C.Before leaving

D. Before he will leave

4. Jones____________ after everyone____________.

A.speaks/ will eat

B. will speak/ has eaten

C.is speaking/ eats

D. has spoken/ will have eaten

5. ___________, Joe stays in bed and reads magazines.

A.Whenever raining

B. As it will be raining

C.When it will rain

D. Whenever it rains

6. ___________ in Rome than he was kidnapped.

A.No sooner he arrived

B. Had he no sooner arrived

C.No sooner had he arrived

D. No sooner he had arrived

7. ___________ Peter gets here, we will congratulate him.

A.As soon as

B. After

C. No sooner

D. Since

8. Mrs. Jones____________ the door before the customers arrived.

A.had opened

B. will open

C. would open

D. has open

9. After Mariana____________ her exam, I____________ her out to eat.

A.was finishing/ would take                       B. finished/ had taken

C.will finish/ have taken                             D. has finished/ will take

10. Mary will have finished all her work _______.

A.as soon as her boss returned                  B. until her boss will return

C.by the time her boss returns                   D. when her boss will retur

11. She went on crying, with her head sunk into a pillow, and cried and cried____________ the pillow was wet through.

A.before                    B. after                       C. until                                   D. while

12. _____________ you finish typing that report, make five copies of it and give it to aloof the officers.

A. While

B. When

C. But

D. Although

13. When the passenger____________, will you please give him this package?

A. will arrive

B. arrives

C. would arrives

D. arriving

14. They were playing in the garden when____________.

A. they have heard a scream

B. they were hearing a scream

C. they heard a scream

D. they had heard a scream

15. He cleaned his shoes____________ they shone.

A.when

B. after

C. while

D. until

16. I had no sooner lit the barbecue____________ it started to rain.

A.as

B. while

C. than

D. that

17. When the paint____________ it’ll change from a light to a deep red.

A.dry

B. dries

C. dried

D. will dry

18. When____________ older I’d love to be an artist.A.I’m

B. I’ll be

C. was

D. have been

19. By the time he retires, he_______ $20,000.

A.will save

B. has saved

C. had saved

D. will have saved

20. When I____________ here for fifteen years I’ll be entitled to a pension.

A.work

B. am working

C. have worked

D. had worked

ĐÁP ÁN

Exercise 1. Choose the underlined part among A, B, C or D that needs correcting.

Câu	Đáp án	Giải thích	Câu	Đáp án	Giải thích
1.	A	sửa là: In spite of (cụm từ)	11.	B	sửa là: but/ while
2.	D	sửa là: because of (cụm từ)	12.	B	sửa là: because (clause of reason)
3.	B	sửa là: when (time clause)	13.	A	sửa là: Despite/ In spite of
4.	B	sửa là: when/ because (clause)	14.	A	sửa là: Although/ Though
5.	B	sửa là: bỏ but thay bằng dấu “,”	15.	C	sửa là: bỏ but vì có Though
6.	B	sửa là: because (clause of reason)	16.	C	sửa là: Although/ Though
7.	B	sửa là: so that (clause of purpose)	17.	A	sửa là: Despite (phrase)
8.	B	sửa là: but (clause of concession)	18.	B	sửa là: so that (clause of purpose)
9.	C	sửa là: because (clause of reason	19.	C	sửa là: because (clause of reason)
10.	B	sửa là: when (time clause)	20.	A	sửa là: Despite/ In spite of

Exercise 2. Choose one word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence.

Câu	Đáp án	Giải thích	Câu	Đáp án	Giải thích
1.	C	to learn (chỉ mục đích)	11.	B	Despite (phrase of concession)
2.	A	because of (phrase of reason)	12.	B	since (time clause with since)
3.	C	S be such a(n) adj N that S V	13.	D	Although (clause of concession)
4.	B	so many Ns that (quá nhiều đến)	14.	D	too adj/adv (for O) to V
5.	A	so much N that (quá nhiều đến)	15.	D	S be such a(n) adj N that S V
6.	D	S be such a(n) adj N that S V	16.	D	(not) adj/adv enough to V
7.	A	S V so adv that S V (quá đến nỗi)	17.	D	Whenever (time clause)
8.	B	In spite of N, S V (concession)	18.	A	too adj/adv (for O) to V
9.	D	S be such a(n) adj N that S V	19.	C	because (clause of reason)
10.	A	so that (clause of purpose)	20.	D	because of (phrase of reason)

Exercise 3. Choose one word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence.

Câu	Đáp án	Giải thích	Câu	Đáp án	Giải thích
1.	B	so that she can(clause of purpose)	11.	A	while (adverbial time clause)
2.	C	unless (conditional sentences 1)	12.	B	after (adverbial phrase of time)
3.	D	A and B (clause of concession)	13.	B	so: nên, vậy nên (chỉ kết quả)
4.	C	in case: phòng khi (điều kiện)	14.	C	In spite of (phrase of concession)
5.	D	despite (phrase of concession)	15.	C	because (clause of reason)
6.	B	in spite of (phrase of concession)	16.	A	unless (conditional sentences 1)
7.	C	Although (clause of concession)	17.	D	Because of (phrase of reason)
8.	C	but (as a clause of concession)	18.	D	B and C: kết quả/ hậu quả là…
9.	D	As soon as (adverbial time clause)	19.	A	However: tuy nhiên, tuy vậy
10.	D	until (adverbial time clause)	20.	C	so as not to (phrase of purpose)

 Exercise 4: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below.

Câu	Đáp án	Giải thích	Câu	Đáp án	Giải thích
1.	C	kể lại sự việc (take turning: rẽ)	11.	A	turn (hiện tại với usually)
2.	D	be allowed to v: được phép	12.	D	had been sitting (xảy ra trước)
3.	D	tell s.b about s.t: kể cho ai điều gì	13.	C	in case: phòng khi
4.	A	hiện tại với “Every day”	14.	A	điều kiện loại 1 có thực
5.	D	conduct a survey: làm khảo sát	15.	A	taken = which are taken
6.	B	maintain one’s beauty:	16.	B	hate it that S V: ghét điều gì
7.	D	married to: lập gia đình với ai	17.	A	điều kiện loại 3 đảo ngữ
8.	B	requires (chỉ thực tế)	18.	A	be to V: phải làm gì (truyền ý)
9.	B	Either S1 or S2 V(chia theo S2)	19.	B	listed = which are listed
10.	A	will give: chỉ kế hoạch	20.	C	require: yêu cầu (thực tế)

Exercise 5: Choose the best answer among the A, B, C, or D provided to finish each of the incomplete sentences below.

Câu	Đáp án	Giải thích	Câu	Đáp án	Giải thích
1.	A	schedule (lịch trình)	11.	A	May –xin phép; can – cho phép
2.	B	sequence of tense (phối thì)	12.	B	needn’t (unnecessity: không cần)
3.	B	mustn’t (bổn phận, trách nhiệm)	13.	A	must be (deduction: suy luận)
4.	C	speculation (suy đoán quá khứ)	14.	B	isn’t going to exist (suy diễn)
5.	D	needn’t (unnecessity: không cần)	15.	D	was able to buy (chỉ khả năng)
6.	C	are manufactured (thực tế)	16.	D	must (deduction: suy luận)
7.	A	established (phân từ =tính từ)	17.	B	might not (uncertainty)
8.	C	need s.b to V: cần ai giúp	18.	A	mustn’t (lời nhác nhở)
9.	D	forget V-ing: quên việc đã làm	19.	A	needn’t (unnecessity: không cần)
10.	B	should have tried (khuyên, trách)	20.	B	be supposed to V: cho rằng

Exercise 6. Choose one word or phrase marked A, B, C, or D that best complete the preceding sentence.

Câu	Đáp án	Giải thích	Câu	Đáp án	Giải thích
1.	B	While S was/were V-ing, S V-ed	11.	C	mệnh đề thời gian với “until”
2.	A	After S had V-ed, S V-ed	12.	B	When (future time clause)
3.	C	Before V-ing, S V-ed	13.	B	When (future time clause)
4.	B	After S has/ have V-ed, S will V	14.	C	When (past time clause)
5.	D	Whenever S V, S V	15.	D	mệnh đề thời gian với “until”
6.	C	No sooner had S V-ed than S V-ed	16.	C	mệnh đè với “no sooner_than”
7.	A	As soon as S V, S will V	17.	B	When (future time clause)
8.	A	S had V-ed before S V-ed	18.	A	When (future time clause)
9.	D	After S had V-ed, S V-ed	19.	D	By the time S V, S will V
10.	C	As soon as S V, S will V	20.	C	When (future time clause)

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