Chuyên đề Câu điều kiện nâng cao

CHUYÊN ĐỀ CÂU ĐIỀU KIỆN NÂNG CAO

Cấu trúc câu điều kiện cấp độ nâng cao

Chào các em, sau khi đã nắm vững các công thức cơ bản rồi, sau đây các em sẽ tiếp tục xem phần nâng cao của câu điệu kiện nhé.

Dùng were to bên mệnh đề có if: Để diễn tả một hoàn cảnh tưởng tượng ở tương lai:

Ví dụ:

If the government were to cut V.A.T, prices would fall. ( Tưởng tưởng vậy đi cho nó thư giãn ha, thời buổi “gạo châu củi quế” này J )

If he were to win the game, he would be rich. (Tưởng tượng thôi chứ không dễ gì anh ta thắng đâu).

Để đề nghị một cách lịch sự:

Ví dụ:

If you were to ask him, he might help you. (Nếu bạn mà nhờ đến thì anh ta sẽ giúp bạn)

If you were to move over, we could all sit on the sofa.

Lưu ý:

Công thức này không áp dụng cho các động từ chỉ tình trạng như: know, like, remember, understand…

Ví dụ:

If I were to remember… ( sai)

If I remembered… ( đúng)

Trong công thức này were có thể đem ra ngoài thế if, nhưng nếu có not thì không được đem not theo mà phải để lại sau chủ từ nhé.

Ví dụ:

Weren’t the government to cut… (sai)

Were the government not to cut… (đúng)

Dùng it was/were not for + noun bên mệnh đề if

Người ta dùng cấu trúc này để diễn tả một hoàn cảnh này lệ thuộc vào một hoàn cảnh hay một người nào khác.

Ví dụ:

If it were not for you, I would die. (Nếu không có bạn là tôi “tiêu” rồi)

Đối với chuyện trong quá khứ ta dùng: if it hadn’t been for…

Các em cũng có thể dùng but for để thay thế công thức này mà không thay đổi nghĩa:

Ví dụ:

If it were not for you,… = but for you,…

Phân biệt if not và unless:

Thông thường, ở cấp độ cơ bản các em có thể thay thế if not bằng unless. Tuy nhiên, ở cấp độ nâng cao các em sẽ gặp những trường hợp chúng không thể thay thế nhau.

Không thể dùng unless thay cho if not trong những trường hợp sau:

Trong những tình huống không thật. (thường là câu loại 2 và 3)

Ví dụ:

She would be a good friend if she were not selfish.

She would be a good friend unless she were selfish. (sai)

If he had not been absent, he would have known that.

Unless he had been absent, he would have known that. (sai)

Khi nói về cảm xúc:

I will be disappointed, if you don’t pass the exam.

I will be disappointed, unless you pass the exam. (sai)

Trong hầu hết các câu hỏi:

Ví dụ:

What do you think if I don’t come?

What do you think unless I come? (sai)

Không thể dùng if not thay cho unless trong những trường hợp sau:

Khi ta nhắc đến việc đã qua với nhận xét về nó. Cách nhận ra tình huống này là có dấu gạch nối trước unless.

Ví dụ:

I couldn’t have gone to school on time – unless I had got up earlier. (Tôi đã không thể đi học đúng giờ- Trừ khi tôi dậy sớm hơn.)

Trong tính huống này, thực tế tôi đã không đi học đúng giờ và tôi đã không dậy sớm.

So sánh với câu này khi dùng if not.

I couldn’t have gone to school on time, if I had not got up earlier. (Tôi đã không thể đi học đúng giờ nếu tôi không thức dậy sớm hơn)

Trong trường hợp này thực tế tôi đã dậy sớm và đi học đúng giờ. Nghĩa hoàn toàn ngược với câu trên.

Khi ta nói xong một câu, sau đó thêm vào một ý. Trường hợp này cũng phải có dấu gạch nối.

Ví dụ:

Because my secretaty is in the hospital, the work can’t continue – Unless you take up her position, of course. (Vì thư kí tôi nằm viện, công việc không thể tiếp tục – Dĩ nhiên trừ khi cô thay thế vị trí của cô ấy.)

Because my secretaty is in the hospital, the work can’t continue if you don’t take up her position, of course. (sai)

Câu điều kiện loại zero.

Người ta gọi tên nó là “zero” có lẽ vì thấy 2 vế đều chia hiện tại đơn.

Cách dùng:

Diễn tả một chân lí, qui luật:

Ví dụ:

If water is frozen, it expands. Nếu nước bị đông đặc nó nở ra. (Đây là sự thật, chân lí lúc nào cũng vậy nên dùng loại zero)

Phân biệt:

If the water is frozen, it will expand. Nếu nước này bị đông đặc nó sẽ nở ra. (Đây là một hoàn cảnh cụ thể, một khối nước cụ thể nào đó xác định nên không dùng loại zero)

Diễn tả một thói quen:

Ví dụ:

If it rains, I go to school by taxi. (Đây là thói quen chứ không phải một hoàn cảnh cụ thể nào nên dùng loại zero)

Phân biệt:

If it rains this evening, I will go to school by taxi. (Đây là hoàn cảnh cụ thể chứ không phải thói quen nên không dùng loại zero)

Câu điều kiện loại hỗn hợp.

Loại hỗn hợp là loại câu điều kiện mà 2 vế khác loại nhau.

Ví dụ:

If you had not spent too much yesterday, you would not be broke now. (Nếu hôm qua bạn không xài quá nhiều tiền thì hôm nay đâu có sạch túi như vầy) => Loại 3 + loại 2.

If you liked animals, I would have taken you to the zoo. => Loại 2+ loại 3

If she arrived there yesterday, she can come here tomorrow. => Loại 2 + loại 1

Như vậy các em sẽ thấy loại hổn hợp rất đa dạng. Vấn đề đặt ra là làm sao biết chia vế nào loại nào. Để làm được loại hổn hợp này các em cần nắm vững bí quyết sau:

Trước tiên các em phải hiểu bản chất của câu điều kiện là nếu cái gì đúng sự thật thì chia động từ theo đúng thời gian của nó, còn cái gì không có thật, khó xảy ra hoặc chỉ giả sử thôi thì lùi về một thì.

Khi nắm nguyên tắc này rồi các em cứ lần lượt xem xét từng vế riêng biệt mà chia thì chư không được chia vế này xong thấy loại mấy thì vội vàng chia vế kia như vậy là rất dễ sai.

Thử lấy các ví dụ trên phân tích xem nhé.

If you had not spent too much yesterday, you would not be broke now.

Vế đầu là chuyện xảy ra ở quá khứ không có thật (nếu hôm qua không xài quá nhiều tiền => thực tế đã xài quá nhiều tiền) Bình thường động từ ở quá khứ sẽ chia quá khứ đơn nhưng vì không thật nên ta giảm thì xuống thành QKHT.

Vế sau là chuyện ở hiện tại và cũng không có thật nên từ will giảm thành would ( hiện tại nhưng vẫn dùng will vì đây là công thức của câu điều kiện).

If you liked animals, I would have taken you to the zoo.

Vế đầu là nói về sở thích chung chung nên bình thường là chia hiện tại nhưng vì không thật nên giảm xuống quá khứ. Vế sau là sự việc ở quá khứ nên giảm xuống thành would have p.p

Tóm lại:

Các em không nên học chi tiết từng loại hỗn hợp mà chỉ cần nhớ nguyên tắc trên rồi chiếu theo đó mà xem xét từng vế. Lưu ý là phải đọc kỹ các manh mối cho trong câu đề để quyết định thời gian cũng như biết nó có xảy ra hay không. Thông thường có 3 cơ sở để các em xét:

-Thời gian ở quá khứ.

-Thời gian ở hiện tại/tương lai.

-Thói quen.

Đảo ngữ trong câu điều kiện

Các chữ : HAD trong câu ĐK loại 3, chữ WERE, trong loại 2, chữ SHOULD trong loại 1 có thể đem ra trước chủ từ thế cho IF

Ví dụ:

If I were you, I would ….

= Were I you , I would….

If I had gone to school……

= Had I gone to school…

if I should go….

= Should I go…..

Lưu ý: Nếu có NOT thì vẫn để NOT ở lại chứ không được đem ra đầu.

Bài tập 1: Chia động từ trong ngoặc

1. If they (listen) carefully, they might hear the woodpecker.
2. If I had lain down on the sofa, I (fall) asleep.
3. Ngoc could have worked as a model if she (be) taller.
4. The soil (not/dry out) if you water the plants regularly.
5. If you (give) the young boy this stick, he’d hurt himself.
6. We (not/take) the wrong tram if Dzung had asked the policewoman.
7. If the cat hides in the tree, the dog (not/find) it.
8. The students would have solved the problem if they (use) their textbooks.
9. If he washed his feet more often, his girlfriend (visit) him more often.
10. Manh (read) the newspaper if he went by train.

Bài tập 2: Hoàn thành câu với từ cho sẵn (chú ý chia động từ)

1. If/ you/ mix/ red/ blue/ get / purple.
2. If/ Arsenal/ win/ they/ be/ top/ the league.
3. It /rain/ we / cancel / the match.
4. You / take / first bus/ you/will/ get /there on time.
5. You / need more helpers/ I /can try / get some time off work.
6. Mary might / deliver your parcel / you /ask /her.
7. I / were / 20/ I would/ travel/ world
8. Jim / lent / us / car / we / could / go / party.
9. We / would / save £3.50 a day / we didn’t / eat any lunch.
10. Burglars/ broke/ into my house/ they / find any money.

Bài tập 3: Hoàn thành câu với từ cho sẵn

1. If we meet at 9:30, we (to have) plenty of time.
2. Lisa would find the milk if she (to look) in the fridge.
3. The zookeeper would have punished her with a fine if she (to feed) the animals.
4. If you spoke louder, your classmates (to understand) you.
5. Dan (to arrive) safe if he drove slowly.
6. You (to have) no trouble at school if you had done your homework.
7. If you (to swim) in this lake, you’ll shiver from cold.
8. The door will unlock if you (to press) the green button.
9. If Mel (to ask) her teacher, he’d have answered her questions.
10. I (to call) the office if I was/were you.

Bài tập 4: Hoàn thành câu với từ cho sẵn

1. If it (to be) warmer, we (to go) swimming.
2. My parents (to buy) this house if the man (not/to sell) it to someone else.
3. If he (not/to fail) his driving test, his parents (to lend) him their car.
4. If my uncle (to tell) me the way to his office, I (not/to arrive) so late.
5. She (to be) at the airport if she (to read) the message carefully.
6. Lucy (not/to hurt) her foot if she (not/to drop) the old box on it.
7. If you (to use) a sharp knife, you (not/to cut) yourself.
8. If Victoria (to celebrate) her birthday at home, I (to bring) her some flowers.
9. We (to take) the train to Edinburgh if it (to run) on time. If Max (not/to forget) his schoolbag, he (to give) you your USB flash drive
10. If Max (not/to forget) his schoolbag, he (to give) you your USB flash drive.

Bài tập 5: Cho dạng đúng của động từ trong ngoặc

1. If I see him, I _____ (give) him a gift.
2. If I had a typewriter, I _____ (type) it myself.
3. If I had known that you were in hospital, I _____ (visit) you.
4. You could make better progress if you _____ (attend) class regularly.
5. If I _____ (know) his telephone number, I’d give it to you.
6. If you _____ (arrive) ten minutes earlier, you would have got a seat.
7. If he worked more slowly, he _____ (not make) so many mistakes.
8. I shouldn’t drink that wine if I _____ (be) you.
9. If I _____ (find) a cheap room, I will stay a fortnight.
10. A lot of people _____ (be) out of work if the factory closed down.
11. I (have) ………….. plenty of money now if I (not/spend) ………… so much yesterday.
12. If someone (give) …………….you a boat, what you (do) …………… ?
13. If you………..(press) CTRL + S, you………..(save) the file.
14. The children………..(be) happy if he………..(teach) them English.
15. If she………..(buy) a new hard disk, she………..(not/ lose) all data.

ĐÁP ÁN

Đáp án bài tập 1

1. listened
2. could have fallen
3. had been
4. won’t dry out
5. gave
6. wouldn’t have taken
7. won’t find
8. had used
9. would visit
10. would read

Đáp án bài tập 2

1. If you mix red and blue, you get purple.
2. If Arsenal wins, they’ll be top of the league.
3. If it rains, we will cancel the match.
4. If you take the first bus, you’ll get there on time.
5. If you need more helpers, I can try and get some time off work.
6. Mary might deliver your parcel if you ask her.
7. If I were 20, I would travel the world.
8. If Jim lent us his car, we could go to the party.
9. We would save £3.50 a day if we didn’t eat any lunch.
10. If burglars broke into my house, they wouldn’t find any money.

Đáp án bài tập 3

1. will have
2. looked
3. had fed
4. would understand
5. would arrive
6. would have had
7. swim
8. press
9. had asked
10. would call

Đáp án bài tập 4

1. If it had been warmer, we would have gone swimming.
2. My parents would have bought this house if the man had not sold it to someoneelse.
3. If he had not failed his driving test, his parents would have lent him their car.
4. If my uncle had told me the way to his office, I would not have arrived so late.
5. She would have been at the airport if she had read the message carefully.
6. Lucy would not have hurt her foot if she had not dropped the old box on it.
7. If you had used a sharp knife, you would not have cut yourself.
8. If Victoria had celebrated her birthday at home, I would have brought her some flowers.
9. We would have taken the train to Edinburgh if it had run on time
10. If Max had not forgotten his schoolbag, he would have given you your USB flash drive.

Đáp án bài tập 5

1. will give

2. would type

3. would have visited

4. attended;

5. knew

6. had arrived

7. wouldn’t make

8. were

9. find

10. would be

11. would have/ hadn’t spent (ĐK hỗn hợp)

12. gives/ what will you do

13. press/ save (hoặc will save)

14. would be/ taught

15. had bought/ wouldn’t have lost

Task 1. Put the verbs in the brackets in the correct tense

1. If you __________ (expose) phosphorus to air, It __________ (burn)

2. If you __________ (heat) ice, it __________ (turn) to water.

3. If metal __________ (get) hot, it __________ (expand)

4. If you __________ (stand) in the rain, You __________ (get) wet

5. If anyone __________ (ring) the bell, don’t __________ (open) the door.

6. If my father __________ (not, sleep) well, he __________ (drink) coffee before going to bed

7. If you__________ (press) this button, the machine __________ (stop)

8. If you__________ (multiply) 6 to 8, you__________ (get)

9. If anyone __________ (call), say that I__________ (be, not) at home.

10. If you__________ (go) to the Post Office, you__________ (mail) this letter for me.

ĐÁP ÁN

1. expose

2. heat

3. gets

4. stand

5. rings

6. doesn’t sleep, drinks

7. press, stops

8. multiply, get

9. calls, am not

10. go, mail

Task 2. Using the given information, make conditional sentences with IF

1. She is living in China because she got married to a Chinese.

………………………………………………………………

2. I am tired now because I went home late yesterday.

………………………………………………………………

3. She did the homework last night so she gets a high score today.

………………………………………………………………

4. It rained yesterday so I don’t go to school today.

………………………………………………………………

5. I missed the end of the film so I don’t know who the murderer was.

………………………………………………………………

ĐÁP ÁN

1. If She hadn’t got married to a Chinese, She wouldn’t be living in china

2. If I hadn’t gone home late yesterday, I wouldn’t be tired now.

3. If She hadn’t done the homework last night, She wouldn’t get a high score today.

4. If It hadn’t rained yesterday, I wouldn’t go to school today.

5. If I hadn’t missed the end of the film, I would know who the murderer was.

Task 3. Choose the best answer

1. If she …………………….. the lottery last year, She……………………..rich now.

A. Have won/would be     B. had won/would be

C. won/would be     D. wins/will be

2. If I ……………..the homework last night, I……………..bonus today.

A. Had done/would get     B. had done/would have got

C. done/would get     D. does/will get

3. If we had played this game yesterday, we……………….a lot of money now.

A. Will have     B. may have

C. would have had     D. would have

4. If it ……………………………last night, it would be cold today.

A. Had rained     B. rained

C. have rained     D. was raining

5. If she……………….to me, she……………………..in trouble right now.

A. Had listened/would be     B. had listened/would have be

C. had listened/would not be     D. A and B

ĐÁP ÁN

1. B. had won/would be

2. A. Had done/would get

3. D. would have

4. A. Had rained

5. C. had listened/would not be

Câu hỏi	1	2	3	4	5
Đáp án	B	A	D	A	C

Task 4. Using the given information, make conditional sentences with IF

1. We reach Sally’s house now because we didn’t ask for direction earlier

………………………………………………………………

2. Since he is an only child, his parents have spoiled him

………………………………………………………………

3. Bob didn’t learn Chinese in high school, so he doesn’t have many job opportunities.

………………………………………………………………

4. I am not rich. I didn’t buy that house last month.

………………………………………………………………

ĐÁP ÁN

1. If we had asked for direction earlier, we would reach Sally’s house now.

2. If he weren’t an only child, his parents wouldn’t have spoiled him.

3. If Bob had learned Chinese in high school, he would have many job opportunities.

4. If I were rich, I would have bought that house last month.

Task 5. Choose the best answer

1. If it had rained one hour ago, the streets………… wet now.

A. Would have be     B. will be

C. be     D. would be

2. If I ……………….to the beach yesterday, I would be tired today.

A. Have gone     B. Goes

C. had gone     D. A and B

3. If they had gone to school yesterday, they...........to the museum now.

A. Would go     B. will go

C. could go     D. A and C

4. If he had done exercise last night, he………soccer right now.

A. Will play     B. can play

C. plays     D. could play.

5. If Nina had not gone out last week, she………………die now.

A. Will     B. would

C. could     D. B and C

ĐÁP ÁN

1. D. would be

2. C. had gone

3. D. A and C

4. D. could play

5. D. B and C

Câu hỏi	1	2	3	4	5
Đáp án	D	C	D	D	D

Task 6. Viết lại các câu sau sang dạng câu điều kiện thích hợp.

1. Keep silent or you’ll wake the baby up.

→ If you don't keep silent, you will wake the baby up.

2. Stop talking or you won’t understand the lesson

→ If………………………………………………………………

3. I don’t know her number, so I don’t ring her up.

→ If………………………………………………………………

4. I don’t know the answer, so I can’t tell you.

→ If………………………………………………………………

5. We got lost because we didn’t have a map.

→ If………………………………………………………………

6. Susan felt sick because she ate four cream cakes.

→ ………………………………………………………………

7. Without this treatment, the patient would have died.

→ ………………………………………………………………

8. He lost his job because he was late every day.

→ ………………………………………………………………

9. Peter is fat because he eats so many chips.

→ ………………………………………………………………

10. Robert got a bad cough because he started smoking cigarettes.

→ ………………………………………………………………

ĐÁP ÁN

2. If you keep talking, you won't understand the lesson.

3. If I know her number, I will ring her up.

4. If I know the answer, I will tell you.

5. If we had had a map, we wouldn't have got lost.

6. If Susan hadn't eaten four cream cakes, she wouldn't have felt sick.

7. If we hadn't had this treatment, the patient would have died.

8. If he hadn't been late every day, he wouldn't have lost his job.

9. If Peter ate less chips, he wouldn't be fat.

10. If Robert hadn't started smoking cigarettes, he wouldn't have got a bad cough.

Task 7. Chọn đáp án đúng

1. If she …………… the lottery last year, She ………… rich now.

A. have won/would be     B. had won/would be

C. won/would be     D. wins/will be

2. If I …………… the homework last night, I…………… bonus today.

A. had done/would get     B. had done/would have got

C. done/would get     D. does/will get

3. If we had played this game yesterday, we…………… a lot of money now.

A. will have     B. may hav

C. would have had     D. would have

4. If it ……………… last night, it would be cold today.

A. had rained     B. rained

C. have rained     D. was raining

5. If she …………… to me, she ……………… in trouble right now.

A. had listened/would be     B. had listened/would have be

C. had listened/would not be     D. A and B

Hiển thị đáp án

1. B. had won/would be

2. A. had done/would get

3. D. would have

4. A. had rained

5. A. had listened/would be

Câu hỏi	1	2	3	4	5	6
Đáp án	B	A	D	A	A

Task 8. Điền vào chỗ trống

1. If you take my advice, you ........................ (be) happy.

2. What would you do if you ........................ (be) me?

3. If you ........................ (lend) me some books I will give them back in two weeks.

4. I ........................ (send) her a letter if I had found her address.

5. She ........................ (not/steal) the bread if she hadn't been hungry.

6. If she ........................ (come) here I will tell her about the film.

7. I will be unhappy if you ........................ (leave) me.

8. If you hadn't been so crazy you ........................ (not/buy) this expensive house.

9. If the sun ........................ (shine) I will go to the beach.

10. If I ........................ (win) the lottery I would leave my country.

ĐÁP ÁN

1. will be

2. were

3. lend

4. would have sent

5. would not have stolen / wouldn't have stolen

6. comes

7. leave

8. would not have bought -hoặc- wouldn't have bought

9. shines

10. Won

Task 9. Cho dạng đúng của động từ trong ngoặc

1. If I see him, I _____ (give) him a gift.

2. If I had a typewriter, I _____ (type) it myself.

3. If I had known that you were in hospital, I _____ (visit) you.

4. You could make better progress if you _____ (attend) class regularly.

5. If I _____ (know) his telephone number, I’d give it to you.

6. If you _____ (arrive) ten minutes earlier, you would have got a seat.

7. If he worked more slowly, he _____ (not make) so many mistakes.

8. I shouldn’t drink that wine if I _____ (be) you.

9. If I _____ (find) a cheap room, I will stay a fortnight.

10. A lot of people _____ (be) out of work if the factory closed down.

ĐÁP ÁN

1. will give

2. would type

3. would have visited

4. attended

5. knew

6. had arrived

7. wouldn't make

8. were

9. find

10. would be

Task 10. Điền vào chỗ trống

1. ............ we ............ (have) enough time if we wanted to see the castle?

2. In case you ............ (buy) a car, will you teach me to drive?

3. If I............ (not be) in a hurry, I wouldn't have made so many mistakes.

4. She won't finish it on time if she ............ (not start) right now.

5. She ............ (get angry) if you had told her.

6. On condition that they ............(support) our product, they would get a discount.

7. Even if I ............(ask) him, he won't come.

8. Had I driven slowly, I ............(not crash)

9. It will be a disaster unless they ............ (help) us.

10. If you ............ (have) something to eat, you wouldn't have felt sick.

11. I wouldn't risk it if I ............ (be) you.

12. She would get fat if she ............ (not stop) eating.

13. The chicken wasn't good. It ............(taste) better if you had put some spices on it.

ĐÁP ÁN

1. Would; have

2. buy

3. had not been

4. does not start

5. would have got

6. supported

7. ask

8. would not have crashed

9. help

10. had had

11. were

12. did not stop

13. would have tasted

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• Chuyên đề Writing a paragraph, an essay
• Phương pháp làm bài dạng viết lại câu
• Chuyên đề SENTENCE ELEMENTS – Các thành tố của câu

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