Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer for each of the questions from 31 to 38.

Political and family values within society have impacted upon the modern family structure. Traditionally, it has been the man's role to be the breadwinner for the family- providing the funds to pay for food and shelter. However, due to the many new and unique responsibilities placed upon families, in numerous cases both men and women- fathers and mothers- have had to enter the workforce. Generally, the reasons for both being involved in the workforce revolve around the need to add to the family's current financial base. To a lesser extent, the need to interact with "adults" in a stimulating work environment is another popular reason. Whatever their reasons, for many families, the decision for father and mother to go out of home and join the labour force has led to a number of side effects within the home which, in turn, impact upon their performance as employees.

Many researchers agree that attitudes towards work are carried over into family life. This spillover can be positive or negative. Positive spillover refers to the spread of satisfaction and positive stimulation at work resulting in high levels of energy and satisfaction at home. If the amount of research is to be taken as an indication, it would seem that positive spillover is not a dominant occurrence in the workplace with most research focusing on the effects of negative spillover. Often pointing out the incompatible nature of work and family life, the research focuses on problems and conflict at work which has the effect of draining and preoccupying the individual, making it difficult for him or her to participate fully in family life.

Social scientists have devised a number of theories in an attempt to explain the work-family dynamic. Compensation theory is one which has been widely used. It assumes that the relationship between work and family is negative by pointing out that high involvement in one sphere- invariably the work sphere- leads to low involvement in the other. As an individual advances within a career, demands typically fluctuate from moderate to more demanding and if the advancing worker has younger children, this shift in work responsibilities will usually manifest itself in the form of less time spent with the family. Researchers subscribing to this theory point out that the drain on family time is significantly related to work-family conflict with an escalation in conflict, as the number of families increase.

(Adapted from Expert on Cambridge IELTS Reading 1, Hai Jim) 

What is the main focus of this passage?

• A. Roles of husbands in a family
• B. Relationships between family and job satisfaction
• C. Positive attitude to work 
• D. Relationships between work itself and job satisfaction 

• Câu 2: Mã câu hỏi: 35037

  The main reason fathers and mothers join the workforce is ____________. 

  • A. they want to escape the boring environment of home
  • B. they need the mature interaction that goes on between adults
  • C. they want to be able to retire comfortably 
  • D. they need extra money 

• Câu 3: Mã câu hỏi: 35038

  The word “draining” is closest in meaning to ____________.

  • A. waste
  • B. empty
  • C. make somebody weaker 
  • D. make somebody stronger 

• Câu 4: Mã câu hỏi: 35039

  The word "it" in the third paragraph refers to __________.

  • A. family life
  • B. work
  • C. spillover 
  • D. Compensation theory 

• Câu 5: Mã câu hỏi: 35040

  The following are the reasons why the fathers and mothers both go to work EXCEPT ________.

  • A. the need to work to earn money 
  • B. the need to interact with “adults” in a stimulating work 
  • C. the need to show the ability of working 
  • D. the need to add to the family's current financial base 

• Câu 6: Mã câu hỏi: 35041

  The following are true EXCEPT ___________.

  • A. on the past, man earned money to provide the funds to pay for food and shelter for his family
  • B. the modern family structure has been affected by political and family values
  • C. the spread of satisfaction and positive stimulation at work result in high levels of energy and satisfaction at home
  • D. the advancing worker who has younger children spends more time with the family 

• Câu 7: Mã câu hỏi: 35042

  The word “breadwinner” is closest in meaning to ____________.

  • A. earner 
  • B. bread maker 
  • C. winner 
  • D. bread 

• Câu 8: Mã câu hỏi: 35043

  According to the passage, positive spillover ______________.

  • A. is only a positive attitude toward work
  • B. is the conflict at work
  • C. refers to the spread of satisfaction at work resulting in high levels of satisfaction at home 
  • D. refers to the spread of satisfaction at work resulting in high levels of satisfaction at home and family is negative