Read the passage carefully and choose the correct answer

Direct attacks on illiteracy take two main forms, adult education and the establishment of public schools with compulsory attendance for children. In many countries, there are certain programs which have been instituted to fight adult illiteracy; and universal public education has almost eliminated illiteracy among the young. Soldiers have been appointed effectively as instructors for the public. 

Throughout most of history most people have been illiterate. In former society, the ability to read and write was of value only to the clergy and aristocracy. The first known reference to “literate laymen” did not appear until the end of the 14^th century. Illiteracy was not seen as a problem until after the invention of printing in the 15^th century. The first significant decline in illiteracy came with the Reformation, when translation of the Bible into the vernacular became widespread and Protestant converts were taught to read it. Revolutionary political movements from the 18^th to the 20^th century generally included an attack on illiteracy as one of their goals, with the former Soviet Union, China, and Cuba being among the most successful in the 20^th century.

According to the passage, the anti-illiteracy programs are for ____. 

• A. 
  adults
• B. 
  children
• C. 
  those who are literate
• D. 
  both adults and children